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The field of nanotechnology is quickly developing and emerging since it has enormous potential for various human uses. With their unique, size-based physical and chemical attributes, nonmaterials generated and engineered through nanotechnology have many applications in biomedicine and agriculture. Theranostics is a branch of nanomedicine that uses small, highly surface-area nanoparticles to diagnose and treat diseases. Nanomaterials have a wide range of uses in agriculture, from fertilizers that improve soil nutrient uptake by plants to nano pesticides that control a variety of pests, including fungi, phytophagous insects, and weeds, increasing food output. Agriculture and food security are intimately connected, and many researchers are interested. Agriculture production depends on many difficulties due to the severe effects of climate change, water problems and changing the distribution of insect pests. Meanwhile, it faces tremendous challenges in maintaining food security for a massive population amid declining resources. Research is actively exploring the use of nonmaterial in agriculture due to their tremendous promise. Despite their good qualities, nonmaterial present risks to the environment and human health, necessitating risk assessment studies. Green nonmaterial synthesis may lessen the usage of toxic agrochemicals that pollute the environment and enter biological systems, providing an environmentally safe, environmentally friendly, and economically advantageous option. In this critical evaluation, nanoparticles are used in agriculture.
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Fine needle aspiration (FNA) of the thyroid is a well-tolerated minimally invasive procedure. Thyroid abscess, as a complication of FNA in an immune-competent adult, is extremely rare. Diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion, for which treatment is intravenous antibiotics, drainage, and sometimes surgery. Here we present a case of thyroid abscess in an otherwise healthy man who presented with neck pain, rapidly increasing neck swelling, difficulty in swallowing, and hoarseness of the voice that developed two weeks after diagnostic FNA of a thyroid nodule which had been present for ten months. Despite antibiotic treatment, the abscess ruptured into the trachea, requiring surgical intervention. This highlights the importance of maintaining asepsis during FNA of the thyroid. Timely diagnosis of a thyroid abscess is essential to avoid life-threatening airway complications.
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Abstract Objective The present study was conducted to estimate histologically the proportion of avascularity of fracture ends in case of nonunion of long bones. Methods A total of 15 cases of established quiescent nonunion were operated according to the standard protocol and the fracture ends were evaluated histologically. The biopsied tissue was briefly fixed with formalin, embedded with paraffin (FFPE), and 5-micron sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin according to standard protocols. Immunohistochemistry with anti-CD31 antibody (JC70A clone, DBS) was performed manually using standard protocols. Results All cases of quiescent nonunion were included; radiologically, 2 cases were oligotrophic, and 13 cases were of atrophic nonunion. A total of 20% of the patients were females, 40% were in the age group between 31and 40 years old, and, radiologically, all cases were of atrophic nonunion. All cases showed positivity for CD-31 on immunohistochemistry. The blood vessel density was category I in 13.33% of the cases and category II in 86.67% of the cases. Four cases presented with mild inflammation and two presented with moderate inflammation. The average vessel count was 10 per high power field in the age groups between 20 and 30, 31 and 40, and 41and 50 years old. The age group between 61 and 70 years old showed an average vessel count of 4 per high power field. The difference in the vessel counts of oligotrophic and atrophic nonunion was not significant. No correlation was observed in the density of vessel count and duration of nonunion Conclusion The nomenclature for the classification of nonunion into atrophic, oligotrophic, and hypertrophic needs revision. Our findings do not support that atrophic and oligotrophic nonunion are histologically different.
Resumo Objetivo O presente estudo estimou a proporção de avascularidade histológica das extremidades das fraturas em caso de pseudoartrose de ossos longos. Métodos No total, 15 casos de pseudoartrose quiescente estabelecida foram operados de acordo com o protocolo padrão e as extremidades da fratura foram avaliadas histologicamente. Em resumo, o tecido biopsiado foi fixado em formalina e embebido em parafina (FFPE); secções de 5 mícrons foram coradas com hematoxilina e eosina de acordo com os protocolos padrões. A imunohistoquímica com anticorpo anti-CD31 (clone JC70A, DBS) foi realizada manualmente segundo protocolos padrões. Resultados Todos os casos de pseudoartrose quiescente foram incluídos; 2 eram de pseudoartrose oligotrófica e 13 eram de pseudoartrose atrófica à radiologia. Destes, 20% eram de pacientes do sexo feminino, 40% de indivíduos entre 31 e 40 anos de idade e todos os casos eram de pseudoartrose atrófica à radiologia. Todos os casos eram positivos para CD-31 à imunohistoquímica. A densidade dos vasos sanguíneos era de categoria I em 13,33% dos casos e de categoria II em 86,67%. Quatro casos apresentavam inflamação branda e dois apresentavam inflamação moderada. O número médio de vasos era de 10 por campo de alta potência na faixa etária de 20 a 30, de 31 a 40 e de 41 a 50 anos. A faixa etária de 61 a 70 anos apresentava, em média, 4 vasos por campo de alta potência. A diferença nos números de vasos em pseudoarthroses oligotróficas e atróficas não foi significativa. Não houve correlação entre a densidade de vasos e a duração da pseudoartrose. Conclusão A nomenclatura de classificação da pseudoartrose em atrófica, oligotrófica e hipertrófica precisa ser revista. Nossos achados não indicam que a pseudoartrose atrófica e oligotrófica sejam histologicamente diferentes.
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Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Pseudarthrosis , Cross-Sectional Studies , Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 , Fractures, Bone/surgery , Fractures, UnunitedABSTRACT
The purpose of this extension study was to assess the long-term efficacy and safety of gemigliptin 50 mg in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients with T2DM who had completed the initial 24-week study comparing gemigliptin monotherapy with placebo were eligible to enrol. In the open-label, 28-week extension study, all enrolled patients received gemigliptin, regardless of the treatment received during the initial 24-week study period. The mean reduction±standard deviation (SD) in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) observed after 24 weeks of treatment (–0.6%±1.1%) was further decreased for the gemi-gemi group and the mean change in HbA1c at week 52 from baseline was –0.9%±1.2% (P<0.0001). For the pbo-gemi group, HbA1c decreased after they were switched to gemigliptin, and the mean change in HbA1c at week 52 from baseline was –0.7%±1.2% (P<0.0001). Furthermore, the overall incidence of adverse events demonstrated that gemigliptin was safe and well tolerated up to 52 weeks.
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The purpose of this extension study was to assess the long-term efficacy and safety of gemigliptin 50 mg in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients with T2DM who had completed the initial 24-week study comparing gemigliptin monotherapy with placebo were eligible to enrol. In the open-label, 28-week extension study, all enrolled patients received gemigliptin, regardless of the treatment received during the initial 24-week study period. The mean reduction±standard deviation (SD) in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) observed after 24 weeks of treatment (–0.6%±1.1%) was further decreased for the gemi-gemi group and the mean change in HbA1c at week 52 from baseline was –0.9%±1.2% (P<0.0001). For the pbo-gemi group, HbA1c decreased after they were switched to gemigliptin, and the mean change in HbA1c at week 52 from baseline was –0.7%±1.2% (P<0.0001). Furthermore, the overall incidence of adverse events demonstrated that gemigliptin was safe and well tolerated up to 52 weeks.
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Background: Plants are being used in traditional medicine since history of mankind. The knowledge of these medicinal plants has accrued in the course of many centuries leading to medicinal systems in India such as Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha. Objective: In the present study, we evaluated the anticataleptic efficacy of Vitex negundo, a polyherbal formulation in haloperidol induced catalepsy in mice.Methods: Five groups (n=6) of male albino mice were used in the study. Catalepsy was induced by i.p. administration of haloperidol (1 mg/kg). The degree of catalepsy (cataleptic score) was measured as the time the animal maintained an imposed posture. We compared the anticataleptic efficacy of Vitex negundo (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) with standard received Pheniramine maleate 10 mg/kg, i.p.Results: In vehicle treated animals, haloperidol (1 mg/kg. i.p.) produced the maximum catalepsy at 180 min (46.78�78 min). Standard treated as Pheniramine maleate 10 mg/kg, i.p. shows maximum at 120 min. 19.24�32. Test herb, i.p. Methanolic extract of Vitex negundo (50, 100, 200 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly potentiated haloperidol induced catalepsy at each time interval, in a dose dependent manner. At dose 50, 100 and 200mg/kg, extract of Vitex negundo (Linn.) roots showed maximum cataleptic score 12.34�78, 14.43�43 and 15.43�67 min, respectively at 120 minutes in haloperidol treated animals.Conclusions: The present study indicates that the methanolic extract of Vitex negundo reduces haloperidol-induced catalepsy in mice.
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Background: Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccination in India started in 2006 with SA-14-14-2 live attenuated JE vaccine (JEV) following large outbreaks of JE in some districts of Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in 2005. Age groups 1-15 yrs are first vaccinated with a single dose of JEV in a campaign mode followed by integration of this vaccine in routine immunization. It is beyond doubt that added to vaccination campaigns, proper awareness on JE can play significant role in controlling the disease.Methods: An observational study with cross sectional design was conducted in Kolkata Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata during JE Vaccination campaign during January, 2018 among 85 respondents, to assess the awareness on JE, among care-givers who brought their children for vaccination at the immunization clinic.Results: It was found that only 37.6% the respondents attending the campaign knew the name of the disease; 17.6% respondents were aware about disease transmission, and 5.9% could state two or more clinical features that might be associated with Japanese Encephalitis. 69.4% had no knowledge of up to what age JE vaccines can be administered; 23.5% said it can be administered till the beneficiaries attain fifteen years of age.Conclusions: IEC activities during JE vaccination campaign was not able raise awareness on JE to the desired level. However beneficiaries were informed about service availability and could be mobilised to come for vaccination.
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During this unprecedented time of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) pandemic, most countries are struggling to optimize their healthcare resources. Although the prevention and treatment of COVID 19 has become the priority for the majority of the population, most medical professionals are facing the challenge of balancing the management of this pandemic and treating patients with other diseases. Healthcare professionals from all specialties are facing this situation and designing guidelines and recommendations that are contributing to the literature that is crucial for disease management at the current time. We share our experience with two ends of the spectra that we currently observe in spine patients. One group of patients included the non-operative cases that presented with back pain. Further, we discuss our experience with operative precautions and digitally assisted discharge.
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The Left anterior descending artery (LAD) is a branch of the left main coronary artery which runs obliquely towards the apex of the heart in the anterior interventricular sulcus. Among all of the coronary arteries, the LAD artery has the most constant course. Amongst the anomalies of coronaries, the duplication or bifurcation of the LAD artery is infrequent. The classification of the bifurcation of the LAD has been extensively described in various reports with the widespread use of CT Angiography. We describe herein, an anomalous LAD detected on autopsy. This unusual case highlights the gross autopsy finding of Type-I anomalous dual LAD coronary artery in a young adult who died of Myocardial Infarction.
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Humans , Male , Adult , Anomalous Left Coronary Artery/pathology , Myocardial Infarction , AutopsyABSTRACT
Background: Pain is an unpleasant sensation with varying subjective experience. Its management is always challenging for physicians particularly in case of chronic pain. Chronic pain and depression usually co-exist due to poor quality of life and increase in health care costs posing an individual to suffer from depression. Anti-depressants for pain management are being used successfully using since years. In this study venlafaxine, a newer anti-depressant drug was evaluated for anti-nociceptive activity, tail immersion test an analgesic animal model of albino mice.Methods: Randomly selected albino mice of either sex with reaction time of <6 seconds were included in the study and divided into 7 groups with 6 mice in each group. Grouping was done based on the drug received i.e., venlafaxine 15, 30 and 60 mg/kg, tramadol 10 and 20 mg/kg, control group (normal saline) and combination group venlafaxine 15 mg/kg+tramadol 10 mg/kg. Drugs were administered by intra-peritoneal route.Results: Venlafaxine (30 and 60 mg/kg), tramadol (20 mg/kg) and combination group venlafaxine (15 mg/kg+tramadol 10 mg/kg) has shown significant (p<0.001) increase in tail withdrawal latency compared to control group (normal saline) by tail immersion test. Venlafaxine potentiated anti-nociceptive activity of tramadol on concomitant administration with tramadol. Venlafaxine at 60 mg/kg has comparable anti-nociceptive effect to tramadol at 20 mg/kg.Conclusions: Venlafaxine at doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg is having anti-nociceptive effect, but less potent than tramadol.
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Background: An adverse drug reaction (ADRs) is determined as response to a drug that is noxious unintended excludes therapeutic failures, overdose, drug abuse, noncompliance, and medication errors. The main aim of the study is to detect, understand and report ADR扴.Methods: This study is prospective observational study conducted for 6 months in in-patient setting in a tertiary care hospital. Naranjo抯, WHO causality scale, Siegel scale, Schumock and Thornton scale are used to assess ADR. Graph Pad Prism and SAS software抯 are used.Results: Data was collected from a total of 1000 patients of which 121 (12.1%) patients were effected with 150 ADRs. Among 121 patients AdrAd was 60.66% and AdrIn was 39.33%. Of 121 patients 97 patients with single ADR, 28 patients with 2 ADRs, 10 patients were with three ADRs. ADR onset divides acute (10%), Latent (39%) and sub-acute (51%). ADR occurred are recovered (54%), Recovering (13%). Naranjos scale interprets definite (0.9%), probable (50.9%), possible (42.97%). According to WHO scale certain (2.7%), unlikely (2.7%), possible (38.84%). Hartwig and Siegel scale results are mild (12.4%), moderate (66.12%) and severe (12.4%). Schumock and Thornton preventability results are definitely (25.45%), probably (68.18%) and not preventable (6.36%).Conclusions: Every health care professional should be aware of the Pharmacovigilance principles and also should be aware of suspected ADR reporting form of PVPI. By applying the above scales it is easy for health care professionals to assess an ADR.
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Background:For proper disposal of biomedical waste, introduction of laws is only not sufficient but awareness among health care personnel and effective enforcement of existing BMWguidelines have primary importance. Lack of knowledge and practice on Bio-medical Waste Management has led to the hospitals becoming hub for spreading illness. Objective: To assess knowledge and practice about biomedical waste management and associated factors among health care personnel in public hospital.Material & Method:Ahospital based cross sectional study was conducted in the January to March, 2019. Study participants included doctors, nurses, laboratory technicians and ward boys working in a public hospital who deal with biomedical waste and were selected randomly to make the sample size of 150. Apretested semi-structured questionnaire was used.Result:Out of 150 participants, 75.3% and 54.7% Health Care Personnel have adequate knowledge and practice score respectively. Adequate knowledge was significantly associated with age, occupation, experience and previous training while adequate practice was significant associated with occupation and adequate knowledge.Conclusion:Study highlighted the need of a comprehensive training for all the categories of health care personnel.
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Tympanoplasty is a common surgery for chronic otitis media. Few studies have looked at the outcomes of microscope assisted (MT) and endoscope assisted (ET) tympanoplasty. Aim: The study aims to analyze the results of endoscope and microscope assisted approaches for tympanoplasty in patients with chronic otitis media. Outcomes were intra-operative and post operative complications as well as functional outcomes (i.e. improvement in hearing as assessed by pure tone audiometry)/. Methods: This study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital. It included 100 subjects – 50 each in Microscope assisted tympanoplasty (MT) and endoscope assisted tympanoplasty (ET) assisted group. Study participants included those with chronic otitis media with central perforation and dry ear for 4 weeks. All the subjects underwent Type 1 tympanoplasty using either endoscopic or microscopic technique. The subjects were assigned to the above two groups alternatively. The key outcomes assessed were time taken for surgery (incision to closure), comfort level of the patient (by measuring pain score), proportion with graft rejection in both the groups and improvement in hearing. Results: We found that endoscope assisted surgery (ET) led to improvement in bone and air conduction and decreased air bone gap, compared to microscope assisted tympanoplasty (MT). There was a 15.5 dB improvement in MT group while the corresponding improvement in ET group was 16.8 dB (P=0.04). The mean improvements in post-operative air conduction were 29.8 dB and 26.1 dB respectively in ET and MT groups (P=0.02). The post-operative air bone conduction gap was 9.9 dB and 7.8 dB respectively in MT and ET groups (P=0.03). We also observed significantly reduced intra-operative pain scores and post-operative pain scores in those who were operated using endoscopy. Conclusion: The endoscope assisted tympanoplasty offers better outcome than microscope assisted approach and is a better choice for surgery
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Dentin hypersensitivity following tooth preparation is a frequently encountered oral health problem. The present study was conducted to estimate and compare the incidence of dentin hypersensitivity among men and women in an adult population sample who required replacement of missing tooth/teeth with a fixed partial prosthesis. Methods: The present study was conducted among 32 participants in which 16 were male and 16 were females who want replacement of missing tooth/teeth with a fixed partial prosthesis. The informed consent of all the participants who participated in this study was obtained. Detailed clinical and radiographic investigations were performed on all participants to exclude conditions of teeth, which might have caused pain similar to dentin hypersensitivity. There was at least one vital abutment tooth in each FPD. Each abutment tooth received two stimuli: tactile stimulus and thermal stimulus. Sensitive teeth were identified with an explorer passed cervically over the abutment tooth. Immediately following stimulation, the participants were asked to grade their overall sensitivity using a 10 cm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). After the VAS was recorded before tooth preparation, the subjects underwent tooth preparation of the abutment teeth for the fixed partial denture. The VAS was recorded immediately after tooth preparation. The data was compiled and subjected to statistical analysis. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS, version 22 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL) and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In the present study; total participants were 32, out of which 16 were male and 16 were females. The comparison of dentin hypersensitivity between men and women in which women reported more dentin hypersensitivity than men, although results were statistically non-significant. Conclusion: It was concluded that women reported more dentin hypersensitivity than men before and after tooth preparation
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Background: Concerned over increasing cases of mouth cancer in the state, the Jammu and Kashmir Government hasbanned the smokeless tobacco (ST) products like gutkha and also increased the taxes in other tobacco-related products.Despite legislation, the effectiveness of this step is a matter of concern. The gutka users are able to get their regular supplyand shopkeepers are still seen selling gutka pouches.Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the attitude and views of Jammu adult population toward the sale andconsumption on ST by Jammu and Kashmir Government.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out among the general adult population of Jammu city. 400respondents completed a questionnaire on tobacco use, knowledge of existence of law, health warning, cost increase, andhazards related to ST.Results: Half of the current users (51.6%) surveyed compared to the past users (61.4%) and non-users (69.7%) had knowledgeabout laws on gutka products. Significantly higher percentage of the current users (52.1%) and past users (57.9%) indicatedthat the actions against tobacco products would be slightly effective (P < 0.05). 52.5–68.4% of respondents were aware ofhealth warning signs printed on the tobacco packet. 59.1% of the current users reported easy availability of gutka. The pastusers (54.4%) reported an increase in black marketing of ST gutka.Conclusion: The sale and consumption ban and increased taxes by the government are an effective measure for the improvementof health and reduce consumption. They demonstrate that there is a need for greater public education and the policy has beenlagging behind to curb the black market sale.
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Background: Cancer is one of the most expensive and lethal noncommunicable diseases globally. Availability and affordability of anticancer drugs are the most important factors on which management of cancer depends. The objective of the study was to evaluate the variation of cost among different brands of anti-cancer drugs available in the Indian market.Methods: 揅urrent Index of Medical Specialties� July-October 2018 and 揇rug Update� Sept - 2018 were used to obtain cost in INR* (Indian National Rupees) of anticancer drugs manufactured by different pharmaceutical companies in India, in the same strength and dosage form. Percentage cost variations were calculated by minimum and maximum costs of anticancer drug of different brands.Results: Percentage variation in cost was analyzed for 41 different formulations of 27 anticancer drugs. Highest cost variability seen with Alkylating agent Carboplatin 150 mg injection (1100%) and lowest with Antimetabolite anticancer agent Cytarabine 500 mg injection (6.56%). Three formulations showed more than 500% cost variation, largest with Carboplatin 150 mg injection (1100%) followed by Anastrozole 1 mg tablet (870%) and Letrozole 1 mg tablet (508.42%).Conclusions: Present study finding showed significant cost variation in different brand of many anticancer drugs in India. These results indicated that greater price transparencies required. This price variation issue requires a much more in-depth analysis of the health care system.
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Background: Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a common congenital heart disease associated with volume overload of Right ventricle (RV) with variable effect on Left ventricle (LV). Two-dimensional (2D) Strain analysis is a new tool for objective analysis of myocardial function. This prospective study evaluated the systolic function of right and left ventricle by conventional 2D echo and strain echo and measured changes in cardiac hemodynamics that occurred in patients of ASD before and after correction. Patients and Methods: 2D echo and strain analysis of each patient before and at 48 hrs, 3 months and 6 months after correction was performed. Routine 2D echo parameters and global longitudinal strain of both ventricles were measured. Result: Improvement in LV ejection fraction (P = 0.0001) and myocardial performance index (MPI) (P < 0.0001) occurred at the end of 6 months, whereas decrease in RV MPI (P < 0.0001) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (P < 0.0001) became statistically significant after 3 months of ASD correction. In comparison to conventional 2D echo, global longitudinal strain of RV decreased significantly only after 48 hours of ASD correction while there was no improvement in left ventricular global longitudinal strain after 6 month of correction. Conclusion: There was improvement in RV function with subtle change in LV function by strain imaging and most of these changes were completed within 6 months of ASD correction and nearly correlated with conventional 2DEchocardiography.
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Introduction: In India, Hypertension (HT) has emerged as a leading risk factor for mortality. The burden of hypertension in India is expected to almost double from 118 million in 2000 to 213.5 million by 2025. Objective: Anthropometric analysis of the Sub-Himalayan population suffering from HT with calculation of the cut-off point to predict HT. Methodology: Cross sectional study was carried out on 63 healthy and 51 hypertensives. Results: The waist circumference (WC), waist to height ratio (WHtR) and body mass index (BMI) cut-off point to predict hypertension was found to be 93.5cm, 0.54 and 24.58kg/m2 in men and 88.5cm, 0.59 and 25.3kg/m2 in females respectively. Conclusion: BMI is considered as the best indicator to predict HT in males with a cut-off point of 24.58kg/m2 and in females, WHtR was found to be the best indicator to predict HT with a cut-off point of 0.59.
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Introduction: Epilepsy is one of the most common disorders of the brain. One of every ten people will have at least one epileptic seizure during a normal lifespan, and a third of these will develop epilepsy. In children the most com-mon forms of convulsion are febrile seizures. Water electrolyte imbalance occurs during acute febrile illness and hy-pocalcaemia is one of them. Hypocalcaemia is also present in cases of seizures. To find out significance of calcium levels in cases of seizures this study was conducted. Aims: To assess the level of ionized calcium in cases of febrile seizure. Methods:This Case –Control study was conducted on fifty cases of febrile seizures and fifty age, weight matched controls and calcium deficiency determined in both groups. The serum ionized calcium levels were estimat-ed by ion selective electrode method using Na, K, Ca analyzer. Results: Mean ionized calcium level was 4.62±0.26mg/dl and 4.88±0.27 mg/dl in study and control groups respectively and this difference was found statistically extremely significant (p<0.001). Conclusion:The findings suggest that a considerable percentage of children having febrile sei-zures are suffering from low level of calcium.
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Background: The main objective of study is to monitor and analyze the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of ART and to assess causality and severity of the ADRs detected.Methods: It is a prospective observational study conducted in the ART centre of a tertiary care teaching hospital in central India. The data collected were recorded on standard ADR reporting forms. Causality was assessed by Naranjo’s algorithm. Severity of ADR’s was assessed by modified Hartwig and Seigel scale. Modified Shumock and Thorton criteria used for preventability assessment.Results: In twelve months duration 351 patients on ART were observed for ADRs. Total 166 ADRs detected in 96 patients. Incidence of ADRs was slightly more in female. The common systems involved were gastrointestinal 42.77% followed by nervous system 18.07%, musculoskeletal 15.06% skin/mucous membrane 07.83%, metabolic and nutritional 04.82%, red blood cell disorders 01.20 %, endocrinal 00.60 % and others 09.64%. The causality assessment as per Naranjo’s scale showed that out of 166 ADRs, 28.92% were probable and 71.08% were possible. Severity assessment by modified Hartwig and Siegel scale showed that 83.34% ADRs were mild and 15.66% were moderate. 46.39 % ADRs were probably preventable.Conclusions: Considering the magnitude of ADR related problems, there is a need for greater awareness among health care professionals, to detect and report them. These ADRs if recognized in time and managed properly can prevent treatment interruption.